Foreign Capital Inflow free essay sample

Effects of Foreign Capital Inflow on the Economy Recently India’s Home  Minister Mr. P. Chidambaram pointed out that surge in foreign capital inflow  can be a cause of the rise inflation rate in the economy. This is true! With opening up of the  economy, foreign capital has become one of the important factors affecting our economy. The country’s  economic policies have changed. We are now an open economy affected by the economic and political  happenings of the world. We therefore need to broaden our handling of domestic economic problems like  inflation.Inflation is no more only due to supply constraints caused by domestic supply constraint  caused by poor monsoon or floods. It is affected by global demand and supply of goods and capital. Today  almost all the countries of the world have opened up their respective economy to free capital movement  across borders. Foreign capital inflow has both advantages as well as disadvantages. We will write a custom essay sample on Foreign Capital Inflow or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It depends upon the  constructive absorption capacity of the economy. Following liberalization of restrictions on inward investment in 1991-92, there was a sharp increase in capital inflows between 1992-95 and 1996-97.This is similar to the experiences of other emerging economies in Asia and Latin America, all of who typically experienced a rise in inward foreign capital following market- oriented reforms. The magnitude of capital flows into India is much smaller though; the peak level for India is 3. 5 per cent of GDP in 1993-94, which is small when compared to other emerging markets. For instance, the peak levels are above 20 per cent for Malaysia, 13 per cent for Thailand, 10 per cent for the Philippines and almost 10 per cent for Singapore between1990-93.Overall net capital flows as percentage of GDP increased from 2. 2% in 1990 91 to around 9% in 2007 08. Advantages to the domestic economy Supplements domestic savings-  Less Developed countries lack sufficient savings, required for investment  in development projects like building economic and social infrastructure. Foreign capital bridges this  gap. Growth in rate of investment- Foreign Direct Investment brings in more industries and technology to the  country, giving a boost to production, employment and income of the host country.Covers debt and Current Account Deficit of Balance of Payment- Foreign capital inflow adds to our foreign exchange reserves, which is a cushion for the country’s  Balance Of Payments. The reserve is used  to cover maturing international debts and to cover the current account deficit of the Balance of  Payment. India has certainly reaped these benefits as now the country is recognized as a growing/emerging  economy. The country is coming out of the ‘Less Developed Country’ tag. Foreign Capital inflow has given  a boost to our industrial and social growth and also provided the savings to undertake essential  infrastructure development works.Prior to the nineties decade, the country depended heavily on foreign  aid and debt. The huge accumulation of debt from continuous international borrowings put tremendous  pressure on the country’s Balance of Payment. We had no other source of repaying debts or covering the  growing fiscal and current account deficits, other than more borrowings. The country has done away with  that painful situation. Today dependence on aid has vanished. Now FDI (Foreign Direct Investment), FPI  (Foreign Portfolio Investment) and NRI (Non Resident Indian) deposits dominate the capital flows in the  country.Drawbacks of Foreign Capital * Appreciation of Real  Exchange Rate-  As more foreign investors invest in the country, the demand for  the domestic currency rises. As a result the value of the domestic currency appreciates. Appreciation of domestic currency causes loss of competiveness of exports as they become  costlier. Cheaper imports and costly exports further add to the current account deficit in the Balance  of Payment. * Inflation- Foreign capital inflow adds to the domestic money supply.If it is not absorbed and  utilized in profitable projects, it leads to inflation in the domestic economy. * Destabilizing effects- foreign investors are always in search of greener pastures. They are  attracted to developing, emerging markets where demand,  interest rates and hence returns are high. Foreign investors, particularly portfolio investors, are quick to sell and fly away at the slightest  hint of economic slowdown or turmoil in the country of investment. They may even leave the country if  they find it more profitable investing in some other market/country.Too many foreign investments may  make the economy overvalued, which will discourage foreign investors. Foreign investments and investors  come in and fly out in herds. This herd mentality can be rewarding as well as dangerous to the domestic  economy. It can take the economy to great heights and it can also lead to a crash in the stock market  and drop in rate of investment and growth in the domestic economy. The recent high inflation, scams and  the drop in the index of Industrial Production in India has led many foreign investors to sell their  shares and leave the country.Managing Foreign Capital Inflow Foreign Capital Inflow is beneficial only till the domestic economy is able to absorb it in profitable  uses, which lead to enhancement of overall economic growth of the country through rise in rate of  investment, production and income of the country. The surge in inflows should be matched with a  corresponding growth in the absorption capacity of the country. It should be used for investments that  cannot be otherwise undertaken by the country. For handling inflows better, the fiscal deficit has to be  kept in control.A strong, deep financial system is required to utilize as well as cope with the highs  and lows of foreign capital movements. The traditional method adapted by Central banks to countering the effects of excess inflow (known as  sterilization of capital flows) is to reduce the domestic component of the monetary base. This is done  by methods like the open market operations, by selling  Treasury bills and other instruments or raising  the repo rate and CRR etc. But this traditional method has limited effect as instruments can be sold or  interest rate can be raised only up to a certain limit.The bank faces a tricky situation here. Excess  foreign capital inflow causes inflation; to check inflation Central Bank hikes interest rate; high  interest rate attracts more foreign investments. Also, too much tightening of the monetary policy may  hamper investment in the country. The government should therefore look into other ways of countering the  negative effects of surge in capital inflow. Some possible economic policies that can help to absorb  inflow while maintaining an adequate monetary base in the country are- * Ease restrictions on capital outflow.

Regulation and Management in the Global Community The WritePass Journal

Regulation and Management in the Global Community WRITEPASS CUSTOM ASSIGNMENT WRITING DISSERTATION Regulation and Management in the Global Community ). As a result of this governance, the export levels have decreased and the employment levels have increased (Trading Economics, 2012). In general, the political situation in China is unstable, where the companies close their businesses. Economic As it has been stated in the previous paragraph, the unemployment rate has increased from 4% in 2008 to 4.1% in 2012 (Trading Economics, 2012). This is regarded to be pessimistic in the context of economic development. The country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is also not optimistic and has decreased from 2.5% in 2011 to 1.5%, further growing to 2.2% (Trading Economics, 2012). This might be interconnected with the decrease in exports as demonstrated in the paragraph above. Trading Economics, (2012) suggests that level of export is relatively sporadic, thus changing frequently. This implies that there is a general pattern of growth in the export levels; however, the pace of it is regarded to be slow. This has been driven by the recession, which has decreased the speed of export growth, in 2009.   The latest figures, as of July, 2012, demonstrated that the level of export is 1800 million USD per month (Trading Economics, 2012). China’s inflation rate is reported to be – 1.7% as of December, 2012. The average inflation rate is 4%, which the government prefers to retain (CNN Money, 2012). At this rate, the country experiences a healthy growth and economic development. However, the increase in the inflation rate implied that the prices for food increased dramatically. This suggests that the prices for food has increased to almost 2%, which affects the operations of businesses and general consumer confidence negatively (CNN Money, 2012). In a long term, there is a high risk of further inflation rate escalation, which may further worsen the economic growth and consumer confidence. Social It has been estimated that due to the political system in China, there are certain restrictions placed within the social area. It is especially attributed to the freedom of the word (Telegraph, 2012). This implies that the content on the Internet is being tracked, which suggest that there are certain restrictions placed on the content, that may be shared with others on the Internet. Another social aspect is attributed to the healthy lifestyle of the Chinese people. This is the actual lifestyle where the Chinese tend to consume only the fresh food and to be engaged in sports (Deseret News, 2012). With regard to nutrition, the main part of their meals are vegetables. This has been a traditional evolution of the Chinese nutritional culture (Deseret News, 2012).   Despite that, the analysts predict a great demand for fast food outlets. In 2002, only 2% of the Chinese were willing to visit the fast food outlets (Economist, 2002). The majority of fast food outlets are comprised of Western fast food outlets, namely 80%. The trend demonstrates that the Chinese are willing to consume luxury, trendy, innovative, modern and exotic products (Miller, 2004). This trend, in turn, drives the demand for fast food products. The teens are more prone to the adoption of this trend. This implies that they perceive the fast food outlets as fashionable and trendy (Eckhardt and Housto n, 2001). It is also associated with the design of the fast food outlets, especially of Western origin. For instance, the seating arrangement is for 2 people, which is characterized as more for dating purposes, contrary to the collective seating design for 8 people, which is more popular among the Chinese restaurants (Eckhardt and Houston, 2001). Technological China is regarded to be advancing in the Internet penetration. This implies that the rate of penetration in China is above average, namely 34.3% (China Internet Watch, 2012). China’s total broadband penetration rate has increased for 30% , thus totaling in 98.3% (China Internet Watch, 2012). However, despite this increased broadband penetration rate, the Internet speed is only 100.9 KB/s, which is quite low in comparison to the world’s average Internet speed (China Internet Watch, 2012). One of the most important advancements is attributed to the increase in popularity of Internet access through mobile phones. This suggests that 66% of Chinese consumers tend to access the Internet through mobile phones (China Internet Watch, 2012). One of the most critical aspects, related to the social media is the control over the content, which is posted online (Telegraph, 2012). This implies that the government is watching over what is posted online in alignment with the allowed content. As the sources suggest, it is not on the way of being changed in the future   the pattern (Telegraph, 2012). This suggests that the control over the content has become even stricter as a result. The breach of the rules may result in being taken to Court, since this is considered to be an offence (Telegraph, 2012) as official governmental sources depict, this is maintained in order to prevent the promotion of a pornography, unneeded panic and other types of accusations. The majority of social media websites have been already blocked as a result of the sensitivity of discussed political topics (Telegraph, 2012). Environmental From the environmental perspective, China is among the countries that produce the largest amount of CO2 emissions (BBC News, 2012). It   has been estimated that China is among the countries with high risk in the area of environmentalism. This suggests that China should adopt the strategies in order to become more environmentally concerned (BBC News, 2012). Given the large level of industrialization, the adoption of environmentally-friendly strategies should be integrated as the population of China becomes more environmentally concerned. This is illustrated in the recent demonstrations, that were produced in order to address the environmental problems in China (BBC News, 2012). One of the examples of civil protest was demonstrated in August 2011, where 12,000 people participated in the protest against the development of the chemical plant in Dalian, China (BBC News, 2012). Legal From the legal perspective, China’s government imposes a lot of restrictions on foreign companies. This has been mainly due to the fact that the Chinese economy has been closed for the investments for a long time. Even though, currently it has become opened for FDIs (Foreign Direct Investments), there are still restrictions imposed on the activities of foreign companies in China. It is important to have a knowledge about these differences in order to benefit from the management of foreign company’s operations. Cultural Differences According to Hofstede’s model, there are differences between the cultures that tend to affect the operations in the foreign countries. Given the entry to the Chinese market, the model should be applied to analyse the differences between the UK and China. The model is comprised of the evaluation of the following variables, namely power distance, long term orientation, uncertainty avoidance, masculinity/femininity, individualism/collectivism. As a result, it has been estimated that there are great differences in some of variables, namely power distance index, individualism/collectivism and long-term orientation (Hofstede’s Official Website, 2012). Power Distance index demonstrates that the British society is for the minimization of the inequalities among the different layers of society. However, the estimates are different among the working class and high society. This is specifically attributed to the fact that the British society has quickly been revolutionized, where the high society has lost its significance. Contrary to that, the Chinese strict hierarchical system is perceived to be a normal attribute of a corporate and community’s life. This suggests that the Chinese are used to the power abuse, as a result of a strong respect towards the superiors (Hofstede’s Official Website, 2012). Low rank in the individualism score demonstrates that China is a collectivistic culture. This implies that the people within Chinese culture tend to pursue the interests of the groups rather than their own interests. This also contributes to the increased respect towards old members of the family and superiors (Hofstede’s Official Website, 2012). This also affects the operations within the organization. This suggests that there is a low commitment to the company, whereas the relationships are not developed outside the circle of colleagues and/or friends. UK culture is regarded to be more individualistic. This implies that the members of this culture tend to be concerned solely about their own interests. The main concern in the British culture is the achievement of their own personal fulfilment as opposed to the collective thinking, which is practiced in China (Hofstede’s Official Website, 2012). With regard to long – term orientation, the UK is quite different from China. This suggests that the UK is a culture with short term orientation, thus suggesting a large focus on the quick results, in the context of business vision. This implies that there is no long term vision for companies, where the management tends to focus on â€Å"NOW† and â€Å"HERE†. China is quite different from the UK, since this culture is characterized by being long-oriented (Hofstede’s Official Website, 2012). This implies that the main postulates that are practiced in the culture are perseverance and determination. There is always a long term vision, which result in the investments being made in the long term projects. The main characteristic of this culture is that the decisions are based on the level of confidence, which is either full or none. Contrary to the UK culture, there are no probabilities in making the decisions. Masculinity index is regarded to be the same in both Chinese and British cultures, namely 66 points (Hofstede’s Official Website, 2012). This suggests that the score is quite high and the cultures are perceived to be masculine. This implies that the members of these cultures are success driven. The characteristics of ambition and large amount of work is anchored to both these cultures. The uncertainty avoidance is low in both British and Chinese cultures. This suggests that the members of these cultures are comfortable with living in the uncertain settings. This suggests that the members of these cultures are highly adaptable to the new settings since they are used to the uncertain situations. Recommendations As a result of the above demonstrated findings, there are some recommendations to address. First of all, given the large differences in both British and Chinese cultures, the market entry should employ the features of adaptation. This implies that the British fast food company should present the menus that would be adaptable to the tastes of the Chinese consumers. However, the elements of standardization should be visible, since the Chinese consumers are attracted to the innovative design, products and services (Chung, 2003). In order to appeal to the tastes of the Chinese consumers, it is also important to integrate the environmental program in order to demonstrate the integration of Corporate Social Responsibility strategies and tactics (BBC News, 2012). Given the popularity of environmental concern, this may result in the development of positive brand associations. Given the recent technology boom, the Internet might become the main medium for promotion and communication. However, the Internet related strategies must be analysed on the subject of content prior to integration, in order to avoid any legal issues. In general, the main market entry is proposed to be a joint venture, where the risks and benefits are divided 50/50. This strategy is perceived to be the most popular for entrance in the similar to Chinese markets (Kotler and Armstrong, 2010). The only major issue is attributed to the choice of the beneficial partner. This implies that there might be a dissonance in objectives of both companies. Therefore, the selection process must be carefully planned and enhanced research must be applied. Conclusion This report was developed in order to present the analysis of the external environment in China and possible recommendations and strategies, which are addressed on the basis of cultural differences. It has been estimated that there are a lot of differences between China and the UK. With regard to risks, Chinese political and economic system suggests that there are some risks however these are of a moderate character. As a result, the entry might be quite successful if maintained appropriately. The main areas of risks are attributed to the technological areas and possible legal issues, that might arise, as a result of the recent reforms. Finally, there are some concerns in the cultural areas. These suggest that there are differences in the hierarchical systems, long term orientation and individualistic characteristics. As a result, these should be considered when planning the market entry strategies. References BBC News. (2012). Viewpoint: The power of Chinas strolling eco-warriors. Available: bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-19987295 (Accessed on 02/01/13) China Internet Watch. (2012). China Internet Statistics Whitepaper. Available: chinainternetwatch.com/whitepaper/china-internet-statistics/ (Accessed on 02/01/13) Chung H. (2003). International Standardization Strategies: The Experiences of Australian and New Zealand Firms Operating in the Greater China Markets. Journal of International Marketing. Vol.11, Iss.3, pp. 48-82. CNN News. (2012). Inflation rises in China. Available: http://money.cnn.com/2012/12/09/news/economy/china-cpi-inflation/index.html (Accessed on 01/01/13) Deseret News. (2012). Life in Balance: Observing healthy lifestyle choices in China. Available: deseretnews.com/article/700216353/Observing-healthy-lifestyle-choices-in-China.html?pg=all (Accessed on 01/01/13) Economist. (2012). Cleaning up the Party. Available: economist.com/blogs/theworldin2013/2012/12/corruption-china?zid=306ah=1b164dbd43b0cb27ba0d4c3b12a5e227 (Accessed on 2//01/13). Economist (2002). Junk Food? 365 (8302), 63. Eckhardt, G.M. and Houston, M.J. (2002). Cultural paradoxes reflected in brand meaning: McDonald’s in Shanghai, China. Journal of International Marketing, 10 (2), 68-82. Hofstede’s Official Website. (2012). Available: http://geert-hofstede.com/united-kingdom.html (Accessed on 02/01/13) Kotler P., Armstrong G. (2010). Principles of Marketing. 13th ed., Pearson: USA Miller, P.M. (2004). Quick service hits China. China Business Review, 31 (4), 18-28. Telegraph. (2012). China tightens internet controls. Available: telegraph.co.uk/technology/internet/9769122/China-tightens-internet-controls.html (Accessed on 01/01/13) Trading Economics. (2012). Available: tradingeconomics.com/china/indicators (Accessed on 01/01/13) Yu Y. (2011). Foreign Portfolio Investment in Bric Countries. LAP Lambert: USA.

Employment Law - Employment Discrimination Research Paper

Employment Law - Employment Discrimination - Research Paper Example This research will begin with the statement that employment discrimination is defined as the adoption of lesser ways of dealing with other employees or potential employees based on their demographic characteristics. In such instances, employees are treated based on their gender, race, age and even religion, thus affecting the chances of certain individuals from acquiring employment. Discrimination, though common in different parts of the world, is disastrous to the economy as potential employees with the ability to deliver are excluded from the market. In Saudi Arabia, gender employment discrimination is common and this has been attributed to the conservative religious culture in the country. The Islamic law and the social norms and traditions in the country have retracted economic progress in the country, a factor that is attributed to the disparity. According to a report released by the human rights watch, the level of gender discrimination at the workplace has significantly increa sed in Saudi Arabia. This, the report attributes to the various employment requirements that have been put in place in the country based on the sharia laws. The belief expressed by this report that gender discrimination has increased in Saudi Arabia does not put into account the traditional need to protect women in society, especially those in the workplace. As a result, for a woman to enter into an organization, she is placed under the supervision and leadership of a male supervisor.

Professional Development Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Professional Development - Assignment Example As I began to consider civil engineering as a suitable career, I became more aware of the time that I spent studying and learning, at my own will, about a great deal of construction, design, and architecture topics, along with mathematics, science, and project management that are all relevant to civil engineering. I am an observant listener and I believe that learning from others’ advice and experiences will be useful input for career development, especially from those who are engaged in the civil engineering profession. At present, I do believe that I possess a number of skills and attributes which may be valuable if I pursue my preferred career, such as technical skills for design and construction. My analytical and problem-solving skills and excellent use of computer applications are significant in dealing with engineering projects in the future. Moreover, I also possess soft skills such as confidence and team spirit which may be favorable in working with a team. Team performance has been suggested to significantly influence organisational performance (Tarricone and Luca 2002), making such skills critical in contemporary organisations. I strongly believe in the power of motivation and I try to be a good example to others, especially when faced with difficulty. I do not fear unexpected comes as I trust that there is always a solution to a problem. In a state of uncertainty, it is better to be creative and make the best use of opportunities (Vakola and Nikolauo 2005). However, I also have weak points, particularly in management skills. Although I can consider myself as capable of managing projects with my technical abilities and dealing with other people through my values, these are not enough. There is a need for engineers to be highly capable of managing all processes involved in a managerial role to allow for coherence and holism. I find it difficult to be organised, and this is a

SOCIAL, CULTURAL and ECONOMIC CONTEXT OF HEALTH Essay - 1

SOCIAL, CULTURAL and ECONOMIC CONTEXT OF HEALTH - Essay Example , we cannot delink and conceptualise public health and health care separately since both focus on the improvement of the health of the entire population, in a country or a region, although health care focuses on individual care while public health care focuses on a part of the population, or the entire population (Gostin et al., 2011). However, the type of the health care that the nation provides is determined by the quality of care offered and the outcome of care provided by practitioners in the health care sector. In this case, the quality of care is the most important aspect as it determines the health of the entire population. Various research studies identify the importance of the quality of care in determining the outcome of care with the outcome of care provided being the most important aspect in the determination of the effectiveness of a nation’s health care system (Hermann et al., 2006; Parish et al., 2011; Pincus et al., 2007; Shih et al., 2013). To achieve effectiveness in the health care sector with the aim of achieving quality care, it is important to ensure that there is sufficient allocation of resources that are consequently utilised in an approach that was effective. In this case, allocation of resources should not only be done without following their implementation and utilisation in every level and organisation of the health care system in which the resources are required. This implies that the efficiency of the health care sector is determined by various factors with the amount of resources allocated determining the implementation of services in ensuring that the health care sector met the needs of the nation. In line with this, Kluge (2007) identified resources as critical in setting the priority in the health care sector. Stakeholders face a challenge related to the setting of priorities in an environment whereby the resources allocated are not sufficient to implement a health care system that addresses the needs of all stakeholders in the

Impact of Lincolns Assassination

Impact of Lincolns Assassination Marley AyoSHR A house divided against itself cannot standI believe this government cannot endure, permanently half slave and half free. America will become all one thing, or all the other. This is a famous quote spoken by Abraham Lincoln in 1858 to describe one of the reasons for fighting in the Civil War. During the war, the United States was bitterly divided between the North and the South. When the war ended in 1865, many leaders were unsure about the future course of our nation. But, not Lincoln. He had a plan and the leadership skills to reunite the nation. This process of rebuilding became known as Reconstruction. Most battles and destruction took place on southern soil. Which made living conditions hard to overcome, especially agricultural lands used for crops and plantation. Reconstructing the nation was important in order to keep the nation running smoothly instead of it falling apart. To begin with the nations failures were the fact that all fighting took place in the South. The Civil War lasted from 1861 to 1865. In those four years, the Union, which is the North, lost 370,000 troops, and the Confederacy, the South, lost 260,000. In addition to lives lost, there were 375,000 soldiers injured or maimed from both sides. Many soldiers were killed in battle, but the majority of them died as a result of illness. Several civilians, non-military people, died in the South because food was scarce. More American lives were lost in the Civil War than in all other American wars combined. Owing more than $2 billion dollars, the southern states were severely crippled after the war. Most battles and destruction took place on southern soil. In fact, one reason the Union won was because it engaged in total war. Total war is the military practice of destroying the enemys ability to fight by attacking civilian and economic targets as well as military targets. Southerners daily live s came to a halt since the fighting occurred near their towns and communities. Also, the economy of the South was based on agriculture, so they had more difficulty recovering and manufacturing needed supplies. The North was also hit hard, but the effects were not as long-lasting as the Souths. War costs for the Union totaled more than $3.2 billion. Since the northern economy was already based on industrialization, trade, and banking, it was able to recover more quickly than the southern economy. Also, fighting was removed from northerners daily lives, except for those living in areas bordering Confederate states. In Addition, to the negative aspects were the successful ones. In that it restored the United States as a unified nation: by 1877, all of the former Confederate states had drafted new constitutions, acknowledged the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments, and pledged their loyalty to the U.S. government. Reconstruction also finally settled the states rights vs. federalism debate that had been an issue since the 1790s. However, Reconstruction failed by most other measures: the sharecropping system-essentially a legal form of slavery that kept blacks tied to land owned by rich white farmers-became widespread in the South. With little economic power, blacks ended up having to fight for civil rights on their own, as northern whites lost interest in Reconstruction by the mid-1870s. By 1877, northerners were tired of Reconstruction, scandals, radicals, and the fight for blacks rights. Reconstruction thus came to a close with many of its goals left unaccomplished. As well as, Radi cal Republican legislation ultimately failed to protect former slaves from white persecution and failed to engender fundamental changes to the social fabric of the South. When President Rutherford B. Hayes removed federal troops from the South in 1877, former Confederate officials and slave owners almost immediately returned to power. With the support of a conservative Supreme Court, these newly empowered white southern politicians passed black codes, voter qualifications, and other anti-progressive legislation to reverse the rights that blacks had gained during Radical Reconstruction. The U.S. Supreme Court bolstered this anti-progressive movement with decisions in the Slaughterhouse Cases, the Civil Rights Cases, and United States v. Cruikshank that effectively repealed the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments and the Civil Rights Act of 1875. In conclusion, while some historians have suggested that had Lincoln not been assassinated, Radical Republicans in the House might have impeached him instead of Andrew Johnson. After the Civil War, many Bureaus were underfunded and cut short, leaving the vast majority of free slaves uneducated and still in the South. There was no land reform, meaning slaves were forced into a sharecropping system and did not own their own farms, which might have made them more independent, equal, and successful. The Black Codes and other laws restricting former slaves, though clearly unconstitutional, were not challenged in court or struck down by local military authorities, leaving African-Americans virtually unprotected and subject once again to working for whites involuntarily. And finally, the effort of Reconstruction was cut off after only 12 years, leaving the economy of the South still in ruins and its population largely in poverty.

The Scarlet Letter, Young Goodman Brown and Hawthorne :: Scarlet Letter essays

The Scarlet Letter, Young Goodman Brown and Hawthorne Writing under the influence of his Puritan background, Hawthorne's attention was on individuals and their relationships within their community. Theocratic Puritans punished sinners as deviants of society and used the punishments to restate the boundaries within the group. The five tenets of Puritanism reveal the curious nature of a religion that promoted goodness as a constant goal of each individual, but provided only negative reward of no punishment for good behavior and actions. The tenet of Unconditional Election made predestination clear. No matter how hard one tried to be good, only those elected were going to heaven. In The Scarlet Letter Hawthorne introduces the community by way of the prison house and the women of the community "being of mature age and church members in good repute." In the conversation that the women have about Hester their jealous hearts and vengeful attitudes are revealed. In this way he shows us that this community, although it was designed to be the perfect Christian community, interprets itself as something else. We can assume that Hawthorne shows us the bitchy ways of the women of the church, the ones who supposedly care for the sick and tend to the elderly, nurturing and comforting in a Christian-like manner, and the prison house to inform us that Puritan society has problems, the same problems that any society might have. We can begin to read Hawthorne from the romantic perspective and see society as the guilty party. Indeed, the author sets us up to see Hester as a heroine, a rose, even though a wild rose. And Young Goodman Brown takes his place as hero in his tale. Although we know that he embarks on an "evil purpose," we also know his intentions are to return to his good Faith. But how can a Puritan return to his good faith when he is a sinner? There is no way to achieve goodness, because Adam sinned, so sinned we all. And if you accept that, even if you reject communion with it, who can be trusted? Not even your self. Young Goodman Brown's happiness could only come from a life with Faith/faith and all he could believe in was the reality of his faith, which was that all were sinners. That means that communion has to be communion with sin. The Scarlet Letter, Young Goodman Brown and Hawthorne :: Scarlet Letter essays The Scarlet Letter, Young Goodman Brown and Hawthorne Writing under the influence of his Puritan background, Hawthorne's attention was on individuals and their relationships within their community. Theocratic Puritans punished sinners as deviants of society and used the punishments to restate the boundaries within the group. The five tenets of Puritanism reveal the curious nature of a religion that promoted goodness as a constant goal of each individual, but provided only negative reward of no punishment for good behavior and actions. The tenet of Unconditional Election made predestination clear. No matter how hard one tried to be good, only those elected were going to heaven. In The Scarlet Letter Hawthorne introduces the community by way of the prison house and the women of the community "being of mature age and church members in good repute." In the conversation that the women have about Hester their jealous hearts and vengeful attitudes are revealed. In this way he shows us that this community, although it was designed to be the perfect Christian community, interprets itself as something else. We can assume that Hawthorne shows us the bitchy ways of the women of the church, the ones who supposedly care for the sick and tend to the elderly, nurturing and comforting in a Christian-like manner, and the prison house to inform us that Puritan society has problems, the same problems that any society might have. We can begin to read Hawthorne from the romantic perspective and see society as the guilty party. Indeed, the author sets us up to see Hester as a heroine, a rose, even though a wild rose. And Young Goodman Brown takes his place as hero in his tale. Although we know that he embarks on an "evil purpose," we also know his intentions are to return to his good Faith. But how can a Puritan return to his good faith when he is a sinner? There is no way to achieve goodness, because Adam sinned, so sinned we all. And if you accept that, even if you reject communion with it, who can be trusted? Not even your self. Young Goodman Brown's happiness could only come from a life with Faith/faith and all he could believe in was the reality of his faith, which was that all were sinners. That means that communion has to be communion with sin.